ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื

ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื•. 
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืžืคื ื™ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”. 

 ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ื”ืžืงื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ืชื•. ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™, ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืคืจืžื™ื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ืช ืื• ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช).

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— (ืื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจ) ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื ื›ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื ืคื’ืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื”)

ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—

ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืงืจื” ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืื• ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื ืคืจื•ืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช?
ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ื.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™. ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืžืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ("ืคืจืžื™ื”"), ืชืžื•ืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืžืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™), ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื— (ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช (ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—). ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•, ื”ืคืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™, ืฉืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. 
 
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™- ื”ืžืกื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื“ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื’ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืกืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืฉื‘"ืŸ)- ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืกืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
 
ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช- ืฉืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื‘"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
 
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื "ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื™ื", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื "ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื" ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

 ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ

ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ

ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืœืš , ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘"ืŸ (ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื),ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘.
ื ืกืคื—ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื•ืขื•ื“...
 
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื , ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื ื–ืงืง ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกื™ืขื•ื“, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ื“ื™ื:
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจืง "ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“" ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื–ืงื ื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชืื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคืš ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื›ื” ื”ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ - ื”ื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™.
ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“:
ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื ืงื•ื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™.
 ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืฆื‘ ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืื•ื—ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. 
ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
 ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™/ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช:
ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœื”, ืชืื•ื ื” ืื• ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ (ืœืคื—ื•ืช 50% ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื”), ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช X ืžืชื•ืš 6 ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœืฉื›ื‘:

ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืงื•ื ืžื›ื™ืกื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืžื™ื˜ื”.

ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜:

ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืื• ื’ืคื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.

ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ:

ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”, ืœื”ืชืงืœื— ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืื• ืœืžืงืœื—ืช.

ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช:

ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื• ืืžืฆืขื™ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืฉ), ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœื•.

ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื:

 ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ. ืื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ, ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื.

ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช:

ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื ื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืœ, ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื›ื ื™ ืื• ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื ื•ืข. ืื•ืœื, ืจื™ืชื•ืง ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืœื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืขืชื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืขืฆืžืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—, ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื ื•ืข.

ื‘. ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืขืงื‘ "ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืฉ" ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, "ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืฉ" – ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืื• ืงืฆืจ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืฉืกื™ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. 
ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช:

ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข 3 ืžืชื•ืš 6 ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื™ื–ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50% ืžืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™.

ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืฉ" ื™ื–ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘–100% ืžืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™. 

ื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—
ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ืžืคืงื— ืœืžืงืจื” ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื›ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืขื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ืื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ 
ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™
ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช
ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืชื ื” - ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื›ืื“ื ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— - ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ - ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื›ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. ืขืจืš ืกื™ืœื•ืง - ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื ืฆื‘ืจ ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ - ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื™ 2014 ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืจืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื”, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™, ืขืจืš ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื•ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.
ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ 3 ืื• 5 ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ืจื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ืืš "ืจื–ื•ืช" (ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช). 

ื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—
ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2014 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื” ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืช ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืžื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘. ื”ืžืคืงื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืชืช ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• , ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื›5 ืฉื ื™ื.
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื•. ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ื˜ื—ืช? ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.โ€‹

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”, ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘"ืŸ ืžื›ืกื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
ืื•ืœื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืœื•ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื” (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื). ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”, ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
 
ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื›"ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื•ืกื›ื ืžืจืืฉ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื” (ืื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช) ืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื”.
 
ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ: ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ืื™ืœืžื•ืช, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื™ ืกืคื™ืงืช ื›ื‘ื“ ืคื•ืœืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื™ ืกืคื™ืงืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืื ืžื™ื” ืืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื“ืœืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—, ื“ืœืงืช ืžื•ื—, ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ื—ืจื™ืฃ, ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ืจื™ืืชื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ืœืช ื›ื‘ื“ ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช (ืฉื—ืžืช), ืžื—ืœืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ALS ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืกืชืžื™ ืœื‘, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืงืคื™ ืœื‘, ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื“ื•ื–ื™ืก ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื•, ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืฆืคื“ืช (ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก), ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืคื˜ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง (ืคืจืคืœื’ื™ื”, ืงื•ื•ื“ืจื™ืคืœื’ื™ื”), ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ – ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ืชืจื“ืžืช, ื•ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืฉ.
 
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
 
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช - ื ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘, ืื– ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ืžืจืช ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื– ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœื ื ื’ืžืจืช ืืœื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื

ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืจื— ื•ืขืžืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชืš, ืืš ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืœืคืชืข ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืคืฆื™ืขื”? ืžื™ ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชืš? ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืชืื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื–ื›ื” ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืชืื•ื ื”, ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืš ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื ืคื’ืข ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืš ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืขื“ ืชื•ื ืชืงืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขืš ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” – ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืขืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—.
 ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”:

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ืขืกืง ื‘-5 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช (ืื• ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืกืง): ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื•ืœื

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื”ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื•, ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•.

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื

ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงื ื” ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืŸ
ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ืชื•ื ืฉื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 65 ืฉื ื”, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืœืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื—ื•ืง ื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื” (ื”ืชืฉืก”ื“) 2004, ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—
ื”ื—ืœืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ืื• ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืกื”)
ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืชื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ืš. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœื™ื“ืš ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืš, ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœืงื— ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ื ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ืง ืืช ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืืฆืœื” ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื• ืœื”, ื”ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—.
 
ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— (ื”ืคืจืžื™ื”) ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื™ืœื•, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื•, ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉืŸ ื•ื›ืžื”) ื•ืขื•ื“. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ืชืจืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—.
 
ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืง ืื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—), ื ืงื‘ืข ื›"ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ". ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื ืœื• ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืœื™ื•, ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื•. ื›ืš ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื›ืกืคื™.
 
ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื•. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืกื›ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ 50-60 ืฉืงืœ, ืžื˜ืคืก ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉื•ื‘.